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Ground It, Bond It, and Keep It at One Point: The Realities of Lightning Protection — Annotated Notes & Key Takeaways
Lightning protection is a system of three linked principles: low-impedance earth connections, bonded grounds, and a single point of entry. Partial fixes can worsen damage. Surge protectors are not substitutes. Even ideal installations may not survive direct strikes, so disconnecting everything remains a valid fallback.
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- Oct 15
Lightning protection is one of those topics where a little knowledge can be genuinely dangerous. A single ground rod here, a surge protector there, and a vague sense that the antenna is "probably fine" can add up to a system that is worse than doing nothing at all. The material lays out three principles that must work together, describes what a serious installation actually looks like, and then delivers an uncomfortable truth: even the best-designed station can be damaged by a direct strike, and the cheap fixes that many operators rely on are often little more than window dressing. The core of good lightning protection is not any single device but a system of grounding, bonding, and a single point of entry.
The first principle is to make good, low-impedance connections to earth. That means ground rods at least eight feet long, multiple rods if possible, spaced about as far apart as they are deep. Lightning currents from a big direct strike can exceed 100,000 amperes, so the conductors need to be fat enough not to vaporize. Lightning is also an extremely fast pulse, which means it carries a lot of high-frequency energy. The practical implication is that you should think of it like RF current. Wide strapping is better than round conductors because of skin effect, and the path should be as straight and short as possible to minimize resistance and inductance.
The second principle is to bond all earth connections together with a low-impedance path. This one is frequently neglected. The current from a strike is so huge that it will not simply go into the closest grounding rod and stop. The earth itself is not a low-impedance conductor, so even when lightning strikes a point in an empty field, significant voltage gradients can be observed some distance away. The material cites an example where a tree was struck and, about twenty feet away, the current arced back out of the ground to travel through a Beverage antenna. The lesson is that if you have multiple connections to earth, or even things close to earth, lightning currents will find a way to those points, even if that means flowing through your station equipment, arcing across water pipes, HVAC ducting, or through wood and concrete. Bonding all the grounds together with heavy wire gives the current an intentional place to go. Most building and fire codes require this for exactly that reason.
The third principle is to have only a single point of entry to protected equipment. This is perhaps the most neglected point of all. If there are multiple points of entry, lightning current can enter at one point and exit at another. Because lightning currents are so huge, they create significant voltage gradients almost everywhere, including between the two points of entry. Where there are voltage gradients, there are currents, and where there are currents, things break. A very common situation in amateur stations is to have a grounding rod at the mast or tower and another where the feedline enters the shack. When lightning strikes the power lines, some of that current will go to ground through the additional ground at the tower or shack entrance, after passing through your equipment and frying it. Strikes on the tower cause the same problem in the other direction. This is a situation where a naive attempt at protection has made things worse, virtually guaranteeing equipment damage when a strike occurs. Even a nearby strike might introduce enough of a voltage between the grounds to cook your equipment. Worse, in some setups, disconnecting the feedline leaves the extra ground still connected, violating the popular wisdom that disconnecting the feedline in a storm protects your equipment.
The material is blunt about the consequences of getting this wrong. People will consider only some of these principles, and the result is sometimes worse than doing nothing. That is a hard warning to hear, because it means that the well-intentioned ham who adds a ground rod at the tower without bonding it to the house ground may have created a path for lightning to travel through the shack. The three principles are not a menu. They are a system.
For someone who wants to do this properly, the material describes an ideal approach. Ground the base of the tower or mast with a large field of radials and a lot of ground rods, spaced over a wide area, bonded together with wide copper strap. Bond the shields of all coax feedlines to this. If lightning strikes the mast, this provides a low-impedance ground to take a big share of the current. It may also reduce ground losses if the mast is used as a radiator. Inspect the ground where the electrical, CATV, and phone service enter the building and make sure it is in good shape and sufficiently low impedance. Lightning can strike utility lines too, and you want those grounds to take a good part of the strike current, diminishing the load on other components.
Then surround the entire house in wide copper strap, with a hefty ground rod every eight feet or so. The copper strap effectively puts all the ground rods in parallel, lowering the ground impedance. The ring around the house also acts as a sort of two-dimensional Faraday cage, reducing the electric potential difference between any two points on the ground within the ring. Bond the tower and house ground systems together with wide copper strap so that any current caused by a voltage between them favors that strap over your feedlines. Make sure any utility grounds are also part of this system. This is often required by fire codes because it reduces the chances of an electrical arc between ground systems.
Every cable that enters the shack, including the mains wiring, any control lines up the tower, ethernet cables, everything, enters through a big, fat copper plate that is connected with a wide, short, straight connection to the ground running around the house. Each of these cables goes through protection devices such as gas discharge tubes or MOVs. Conductors that should be grounded, like feedline shields and AC safety ground, are bolted directly to the grounding panel. By making such a single point of entry, you ensure all the protected equipment stays at the same electric potential. With a setup like this, the material says you can confidently leave your feedlines connected in a storm and survive direct strikes to the antennas. In fact, your house is probably less likely to be damaged by lightning than ordinary residential construction. A direct strike may cause some damage to exterior components, burning insulation or melting thin-gauge wires, but equipment inside is quite safe.
Most people will not want to invest the time or money to install a protection scheme that extensive. If you do not have a tall tower, or you live in an area where lightning is not frequent, it may be difficult to justify such expenditures. In that case, the material says it is better to think about what you should not do. Do not create an extra ground. It is better to address common-mode currents with baluns and proper antenna design.
If you must have a ground, such as for a vertical installed at ground level, then consider the ground part of the antenna, not the station, and be sure to disconnect it in storm conditions. That is a much more modest approach, but it is also more honest about what a typical amateur station can achieve.
Many companies make lightning surge protectors. They install in the coax and divert the strike to ground. The material mentions Polyphaser as well respected and notes that MFJ makes lower-cost options. But it also includes a loud caveat: there is no sure way to protect your radio except disconnecting it from power and the antenna. A discharge tube would serve to protect your rig from a close strike, and apart from that, you should make sure you have a decent ground for your shack. It is probably not a good idea to operate in heavy weather. Unless it is absolutely necessary to continue operation, go QRT and disconnect the coax from the rig.
That advice drew a sharp response. Simply installing a lightning surge protector in the feedline is likely to do little to nothing in the way of protection. Commercial broadcast stations do not detach their antennas for every storm, yet they remain on the air, somehow, despite being in the worst possible location from a lightning exposure perspective. Adding a decent ground, depending on how it is done, might make things worse. The most usual solution is to ground the feedline or antenna mast, which creates two grounds: the mast ground and the electrical service ground. A strike on the antenna or the power lines will cause high currents between these two grounds, through your equipment, breaking things.
The disconnect-everything approach has its own limits. The surest way to protect your radio gear is to disconnect it from power, from the antenna, from your computer, and even from ground. But even that is no guarantee. The material includes an account of an enormous bolt of lightning striking a backyard. There were three transceivers. One rig was still connected to a computer, and both the computer and rig were smoldering. The other two rigs were also fried despite being disconnected from power and antenna. The presumption is that the electromagnetic field from the lightning was powerful enough to destroy components in the rigs. It is a hassle, but disconnect your rigs from power, antenna, and computer. And it is worth underscoring that every cable must be disconnected. Feedline, power, ethernet, any RF grounds, everything. Most likely, a rig that gets toasted in that situation was damaged by current from the strike traveling down the feedline, to the chassis of the radio, through the ground of the PC interface cable, to the computer, to the electrical service ground.
There is also the matter of insurance and building codes. The material recommends following the requirements of the National Electrical Code, assuming you are in the USA. Failure to comply with NEC 810 is described as the number one reason ham radio operators in the US have fire insurance claims denied. If you follow NEC 810 and get permits for your work, your insurance company will not try to deny your fire claim. That is a practical consideration that has nothing to do with RF theory but everything to do with protecting your home and your finances.
The final piece of the material is the most sobering. TV stations and radio stations are indeed disabled by lightning strikes every year, and sometimes multiple times a year. One account describes a major TV station and two FM radio stations serving large metropolitan areas going off the air for up to two weeks at a time to perform antenna and transmitter repairs following lightning strikes. These stations were presumably designed by competent engineers who took all known and reasonable precautions. The belief expressed is that it is virtually impossible to completely protect equipment from a major lightning strike as long as the feedline is connected between the antenna and the equipment, and the equipment is connected to a commercial power source. The best hope for reducing the probability of damage is a proper ground system. The gas discharge tubes, surge protectors, transient voltage suppressors, and spark gap devices available to the average ham are described as window dressing. Some devices may bleed off static, resulting in less noisy reception, and possibly offer some front-end protection for the receiver. But they are not a guarantee.
This is where the material leaves the reader with a genuine tension. The ideal installation described earlier is presented as capable of surviving direct strikes, and commercial broadcast stations are cited as evidence that it is possible to stay on the air despite multiple strikes per year. Yet the same material also says that broadcast stations do go off the air for repairs, and that it is virtually impossible to protect equipment completely as long as the feedline and power are connected. The resolution seems to be that a proper ground system reduces the probability of damage and the severity of damage, but it does not eliminate it. The ideal approach is not a force field. It is a set of practices that give lightning current an intentional path to ground and keep all parts of the system at the same potential. When that works, damage is minimized. When it does not, even a well-designed station can be knocked off the air.
I found this part of the material a bit hard to reconcile. If the ideal approach can survive direct strikes, why do broadcast stations go off the air for two weeks? The answer may be that the ideal approach is rarely implemented perfectly, or that a direct strike can still damage exterior components even when the inside equipment survives. The material acknowledges that a direct strike may cause some damage to exterior components, burning insulation or melting thin-gauge wires, but equipment inside is quite safe. That suggests the two-week outages are about antenna and feedline repairs, not transceiver damage. The equipment inside the shack might survive while the antenna system takes a beating. That is a more nuanced picture than a simple pass/fail.
There is also the question of what to do when you cannot afford the ideal approach. The material suggests that not creating an extra ground is better than creating a bad one. That is a counterintuitive point. Many hams think that any ground is better than no ground. But if the ground is not bonded to the house ground, it can create a voltage gradient that sends current through the shack. The safer approach is to rely on baluns and proper antenna design to manage common-mode currents, and to disconnect everything in a storm. For a vertical antenna at ground level, the ground is part of the antenna, not the station, and it should be disconnected when not in use. That is a practical compromise that acknowledges the limits of what a typical ham can do.
The material does not resolve every question. It does not say how to test whether a ground system is adequate, or how to measure the impedance of a ground connection. It does not provide a step-by-step procedure for bonding multiple grounds. It does not address the differences between US codes and those in the UK or EU, though it mentions the National Electrical Code explicitly for the US audience. It does not explain how to protect a station in a rented apartment or an HOA-restricted property where you cannot drive ground rods. Those are gaps that a reader would need to fill with additional research. But the core principles are clear, and the warning about partial measures is well taken.
The practical takeaway is that lightning protection is a system, not a device. You need good earth connections, you need to bond them together, and you need a single point of entry for all cables. If you cannot do all three, you are better off doing none of them and simply disconnecting everything when storms approach. Surge protectors and discharge tubes are not a substitute for a proper ground system, and they may give you a false sense of security. Even the best system can be overwhelmed by a direct strike, but a proper system gives you a fighting chance. The alternative is to accept that your equipment is vulnerable and act accordingly. Disconnect everything. Unplug the power. Disconnect the feedline. And hope the electromagnetic pulse does not find a way in anyway.
The core keyword here is lightning protection, and the material makes clear that it is not a simple matter of buying a surge protector and calling it done. It is a discipline that starts with the ground and ends with the single point of entry, and it requires a realistic understanding of what can and cannot be achieved. A well-designed system can survive direct strikes, but even a well-designed system can be damaged. The goal is not invulnerability. The goal is to give the current a safe path to earth, to keep all parts of the system at the same potential, and to minimize the damage when the sky opens up. That is the best that any amateur station can do.
The Three Principles That Must Work Together
The first principle is to make good, low-impedance connections to earth. That means ground rods at least eight feet long, multiple rods if possible, spaced about as far apart as they are deep. Lightning currents from a big direct strike can exceed 100,000 amperes, so the conductors need to be fat enough not to vaporize. Lightning is also an extremely fast pulse, which means it carries a lot of high-frequency energy. The practical implication is that you should think of it like RF current. Wide strapping is better than round conductors because of skin effect, and the path should be as straight and short as possible to minimize resistance and inductance.
The second principle is to bond all earth connections together with a low-impedance path. This one is frequently neglected. The current from a strike is so huge that it will not simply go into the closest grounding rod and stop. The earth itself is not a low-impedance conductor, so even when lightning strikes a point in an empty field, significant voltage gradients can be observed some distance away. The material cites an example where a tree was struck and, about twenty feet away, the current arced back out of the ground to travel through a Beverage antenna. The lesson is that if you have multiple connections to earth, or even things close to earth, lightning currents will find a way to those points, even if that means flowing through your station equipment, arcing across water pipes, HVAC ducting, or through wood and concrete. Bonding all the grounds together with heavy wire gives the current an intentional place to go. Most building and fire codes require this for exactly that reason.
The third principle is to have only a single point of entry to protected equipment. This is perhaps the most neglected point of all. If there are multiple points of entry, lightning current can enter at one point and exit at another. Because lightning currents are so huge, they create significant voltage gradients almost everywhere, including between the two points of entry. Where there are voltage gradients, there are currents, and where there are currents, things break. A very common situation in amateur stations is to have a grounding rod at the mast or tower and another where the feedline enters the shack. When lightning strikes the power lines, some of that current will go to ground through the additional ground at the tower or shack entrance, after passing through your equipment and frying it. Strikes on the tower cause the same problem in the other direction. This is a situation where a naive attempt at protection has made things worse, virtually guaranteeing equipment damage when a strike occurs. Even a nearby strike might introduce enough of a voltage between the grounds to cook your equipment. Worse, in some setups, disconnecting the feedline leaves the extra ground still connected, violating the popular wisdom that disconnecting the feedline in a storm protects your equipment.
The material is blunt about the consequences of getting this wrong. People will consider only some of these principles, and the result is sometimes worse than doing nothing. That is a hard warning to hear, because it means that the well-intentioned ham who adds a ground rod at the tower without bonding it to the house ground may have created a path for lightning to travel through the shack. The three principles are not a menu. They are a system.
The Ideal Installation and the Modest Alternative
For someone who wants to do this properly, the material describes an ideal approach. Ground the base of the tower or mast with a large field of radials and a lot of ground rods, spaced over a wide area, bonded together with wide copper strap. Bond the shields of all coax feedlines to this. If lightning strikes the mast, this provides a low-impedance ground to take a big share of the current. It may also reduce ground losses if the mast is used as a radiator. Inspect the ground where the electrical, CATV, and phone service enter the building and make sure it is in good shape and sufficiently low impedance. Lightning can strike utility lines too, and you want those grounds to take a good part of the strike current, diminishing the load on other components.
Then surround the entire house in wide copper strap, with a hefty ground rod every eight feet or so. The copper strap effectively puts all the ground rods in parallel, lowering the ground impedance. The ring around the house also acts as a sort of two-dimensional Faraday cage, reducing the electric potential difference between any two points on the ground within the ring. Bond the tower and house ground systems together with wide copper strap so that any current caused by a voltage between them favors that strap over your feedlines. Make sure any utility grounds are also part of this system. This is often required by fire codes because it reduces the chances of an electrical arc between ground systems.
Every cable that enters the shack, including the mains wiring, any control lines up the tower, ethernet cables, everything, enters through a big, fat copper plate that is connected with a wide, short, straight connection to the ground running around the house. Each of these cables goes through protection devices such as gas discharge tubes or MOVs. Conductors that should be grounded, like feedline shields and AC safety ground, are bolted directly to the grounding panel. By making such a single point of entry, you ensure all the protected equipment stays at the same electric potential. With a setup like this, the material says you can confidently leave your feedlines connected in a storm and survive direct strikes to the antennas. In fact, your house is probably less likely to be damaged by lightning than ordinary residential construction. A direct strike may cause some damage to exterior components, burning insulation or melting thin-gauge wires, but equipment inside is quite safe.
Most people will not want to invest the time or money to install a protection scheme that extensive. If you do not have a tall tower, or you live in an area where lightning is not frequent, it may be difficult to justify such expenditures. In that case, the material says it is better to think about what you should not do. Do not create an extra ground. It is better to address common-mode currents with baluns and proper antenna design.
Ground It, Bond It, and Keep It at One Point: The Realities of Lightning Protection — Annotated Notes & Key Takeaways
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What Surge Protectors Can and Cannot Do
Many companies make lightning surge protectors. They install in the coax and divert the strike to ground. The material mentions Polyphaser as well respected and notes that MFJ makes lower-cost options. But it also includes a loud caveat: there is no sure way to protect your radio except disconnecting it from power and the antenna. A discharge tube would serve to protect your rig from a close strike, and apart from that, you should make sure you have a decent ground for your shack. It is probably not a good idea to operate in heavy weather. Unless it is absolutely necessary to continue operation, go QRT and disconnect the coax from the rig.
That advice drew a sharp response. Simply installing a lightning surge protector in the feedline is likely to do little to nothing in the way of protection. Commercial broadcast stations do not detach their antennas for every storm, yet they remain on the air, somehow, despite being in the worst possible location from a lightning exposure perspective. Adding a decent ground, depending on how it is done, might make things worse. The most usual solution is to ground the feedline or antenna mast, which creates two grounds: the mast ground and the electrical service ground. A strike on the antenna or the power lines will cause high currents between these two grounds, through your equipment, breaking things.
The disconnect-everything approach has its own limits. The surest way to protect your radio gear is to disconnect it from power, from the antenna, from your computer, and even from ground. But even that is no guarantee. The material includes an account of an enormous bolt of lightning striking a backyard. There were three transceivers. One rig was still connected to a computer, and both the computer and rig were smoldering. The other two rigs were also fried despite being disconnected from power and antenna. The presumption is that the electromagnetic field from the lightning was powerful enough to destroy components in the rigs. It is a hassle, but disconnect your rigs from power, antenna, and computer. And it is worth underscoring that every cable must be disconnected. Feedline, power, ethernet, any RF grounds, everything. Most likely, a rig that gets toasted in that situation was damaged by current from the strike traveling down the feedline, to the chassis of the radio, through the ground of the PC interface cable, to the computer, to the electrical service ground.
There is also the matter of insurance and building codes. The material recommends following the requirements of the National Electrical Code, assuming you are in the USA. Failure to comply with NEC 810 is described as the number one reason ham radio operators in the US have fire insurance claims denied. If you follow NEC 810 and get permits for your work, your insurance company will not try to deny your fire claim. That is a practical consideration that has nothing to do with RF theory but everything to do with protecting your home and your finances.
The Uncomfortable Truth About Direct Strikes
The final piece of the material is the most sobering. TV stations and radio stations are indeed disabled by lightning strikes every year, and sometimes multiple times a year. One account describes a major TV station and two FM radio stations serving large metropolitan areas going off the air for up to two weeks at a time to perform antenna and transmitter repairs following lightning strikes. These stations were presumably designed by competent engineers who took all known and reasonable precautions. The belief expressed is that it is virtually impossible to completely protect equipment from a major lightning strike as long as the feedline is connected between the antenna and the equipment, and the equipment is connected to a commercial power source. The best hope for reducing the probability of damage is a proper ground system. The gas discharge tubes, surge protectors, transient voltage suppressors, and spark gap devices available to the average ham are described as window dressing. Some devices may bleed off static, resulting in less noisy reception, and possibly offer some front-end protection for the receiver. But they are not a guarantee.
This is where the material leaves the reader with a genuine tension. The ideal installation described earlier is presented as capable of surviving direct strikes, and commercial broadcast stations are cited as evidence that it is possible to stay on the air despite multiple strikes per year. Yet the same material also says that broadcast stations do go off the air for repairs, and that it is virtually impossible to protect equipment completely as long as the feedline and power are connected. The resolution seems to be that a proper ground system reduces the probability of damage and the severity of damage, but it does not eliminate it. The ideal approach is not a force field. It is a set of practices that give lightning current an intentional path to ground and keep all parts of the system at the same potential. When that works, damage is minimized. When it does not, even a well-designed station can be knocked off the air.
I found this part of the material a bit hard to reconcile. If the ideal approach can survive direct strikes, why do broadcast stations go off the air for two weeks? The answer may be that the ideal approach is rarely implemented perfectly, or that a direct strike can still damage exterior components even when the inside equipment survives. The material acknowledges that a direct strike may cause some damage to exterior components, burning insulation or melting thin-gauge wires, but equipment inside is quite safe. That suggests the two-week outages are about antenna and feedline repairs, not transceiver damage. The equipment inside the shack might survive while the antenna system takes a beating. That is a more nuanced picture than a simple pass/fail.
There is also the question of what to do when you cannot afford the ideal approach. The material suggests that not creating an extra ground is better than creating a bad one. That is a counterintuitive point. Many hams think that any ground is better than no ground. But if the ground is not bonded to the house ground, it can create a voltage gradient that sends current through the shack. The safer approach is to rely on baluns and proper antenna design to manage common-mode currents, and to disconnect everything in a storm. For a vertical antenna at ground level, the ground is part of the antenna, not the station, and it should be disconnected when not in use. That is a practical compromise that acknowledges the limits of what a typical ham can do.
The material does not resolve every question. It does not say how to test whether a ground system is adequate, or how to measure the impedance of a ground connection. It does not provide a step-by-step procedure for bonding multiple grounds. It does not address the differences between US codes and those in the UK or EU, though it mentions the National Electrical Code explicitly for the US audience. It does not explain how to protect a station in a rented apartment or an HOA-restricted property where you cannot drive ground rods. Those are gaps that a reader would need to fill with additional research. But the core principles are clear, and the warning about partial measures is well taken.
The practical takeaway is that lightning protection is a system, not a device. You need good earth connections, you need to bond them together, and you need a single point of entry for all cables. If you cannot do all three, you are better off doing none of them and simply disconnecting everything when storms approach. Surge protectors and discharge tubes are not a substitute for a proper ground system, and they may give you a false sense of security. Even the best system can be overwhelmed by a direct strike, but a proper system gives you a fighting chance. The alternative is to accept that your equipment is vulnerable and act accordingly. Disconnect everything. Unplug the power. Disconnect the feedline. And hope the electromagnetic pulse does not find a way in anyway.
The core keyword here is lightning protection, and the material makes clear that it is not a simple matter of buying a surge protector and calling it done. It is a discipline that starts with the ground and ends with the single point of entry, and it requires a realistic understanding of what can and cannot be achieved. A well-designed system can survive direct strikes, but even a well-designed system can be damaged. The goal is not invulnerability. The goal is to give the current a safe path to earth, to keep all parts of the system at the same potential, and to minimize the damage when the sky opens up. That is the best that any amateur station can do.
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